[ 王曉蘇 ]——(2005-10-27) / 已閱66268次
關(guān)于我國(guó)當(dāng)代檢察權(quán)
法理定位及權(quán)能配置模式的思考
王曉蘇：法律碩士 一級(jí)檢察官
遼寧省本溪市人民檢察院 教育處處長(zhǎng)
內(nèi)容提要
我國(guó)檢察權(quán)定位問(wèn)題在學(xué)理界和應(yīng)用法學(xué)界爭(zhēng)執(zhí)不休，對(duì)這一領(lǐng)域的研究，相對(duì)其他刑事法學(xué)的研究而言比較滯后，現(xiàn)有的框架已經(jīng)成為當(dāng)今司法改革的桎梏。
本文試圖運(yùn)用法理學(xué)和訴訟法學(xué)等理論，從當(dāng)代中國(guó)檢察權(quán)的實(shí)然形態(tài)入手，探討、論證當(dāng)代中國(guó)檢察權(quán)及權(quán)能配置、運(yùn)行的應(yīng)然形態(tài)。一方面，分析當(dāng)代中國(guó)檢察權(quán)在憲法中架構(gòu)的合理性，另一方面，也闡述檢察權(quán)性質(zhì)進(jìn)一步明確的必要性。檢察權(quán)既不是行政權(quán)、也不是司法權(quán)，既不是行政權(quán)和司法權(quán)的混合體，也不是現(xiàn)在憲法定位的法律監(jiān)督權(quán)，檢察權(quán)就是檢察權(quán)。檢察權(quán)是與審判權(quán)相對(duì)應(yīng)的獨(dú)立權(quán)能。
圍繞這一觀點(diǎn)，運(yùn)用比較的方法，從決定和制約檢察權(quán)定位的訴訟理論出發(fā)，論證檢察權(quán)作為獨(dú)立的國(guó)家權(quán)力的必然性。在此基礎(chǔ)上，探討檢察權(quán)科學(xué)的定位和優(yōu)化檢察權(quán)配置、運(yùn)行模式。
關(guān)鍵詞：檢察權(quán) 定位 配置 運(yùn)行
英文摘要：Abstract
Camparing with other litigation theory,the research of the contemporary
procuratorial theories is rather weak.The concept on the science of law of mordern Chinese Procuratorial Power is in dispute.There are some radical problems in the process of practicing procuratorial power and in the mode of it.That effects the process of reforming the administration of justice.The form of the law atribution of procuratorial power and the mode in operation should be improved.
The author thinks that the procuratorial power should be studied and proofed on the foundation of the exact,stable essential sciecne of law,on that of the construstion and development on Chinese law absorbing the newest achievement about mordern science of criminal procedure,constitution and the national science.
The purpose of researching the theory is to guide the practice,meanwhile,the analysis of actual procuratorial power is in order to attain the ideal conclusion on it .
There are two different meanings in the course of the researching the concept and contents of procuratorial power. On one hand:What is its nature and mission ?How to exert it with the current power struture in our country? On the other hand,the procuratorial power will lead to impact on criminal civil and administrative proceedings in the cours of practice in our country as a culture of law and a part of civilization of human beings especially as an important part of the procuratorial system.It should be defined scientfically and become a beneficial chain of every science on laws.
In the practice,the current form of law structure is in the appearnce of practical form,and the form in reserching is an ideal form-that is called reasonable one,and they integrates with each other.The practical form is the origin of the reasonable one,and the reasonable form must necessarily conduct,amend the practical one,and it will serve for establishing a better practical form.
The anthor probes into the law of development and effectiveness on the procuratorial power from the course of production and the development of the mordern procuratorial power anylizes the evil of the practical form of procuratrial power itself and its distribution and its mode,points out the author's view.Chinese current procuratorial power is neither executive power nor judicial power nor the mixtuer of the above two powers nor the legal supervision power denified in the Constitution.It is the procuratorial power that fits for the contemporary national structure.
This work is divided into preface,main body, conclusion including five chapters.
Preface: A brief introduction on the practical value and the significance on the theory of the researches of Procuraterial Power system.
The first part fully introduces the concept,the origin of procuratorial power and general meaning of research on procuratorial power,illustrates some conclusions concerning on the procuratorial power.The Chinese contemporay procuratorial power should be exerted only by national procuratorial administration according to the Constitution and law.It can prosecute all the crime publicly ,then check the crime of a particular corpus and support the national interest to basic purpose.
The procuratorial one is an indcpendent kind of power,opposite to the judicial organ with the qualities of order,and judicature.The charicteristics of the Procuratorial Power are legal,indepence and specialism,order distingushed from executive pwer,judicial power and legal supervision power.The Procuratorial Power is often realized as standard,legal order.
The second part primarily elaborat the concept of the Procuratorial Power from the legal theory,the national law and the criminal law. “Public Justice Fairy”is the highest state of the corrent judicial state,and democracy is welcome.And this is the purpose of reforming the Procuratorial Power .
The concept, mode and attribution of the Procuratorial Power are effectivelly interfered by the principles of value.priciple of efficiency and that of litigation of request,procedure of social public welfare.Considering the integration scientifically,we can take the usage of the Procuratorial Power well,at last it can necessarily guide the reform suceessfully.
The third and fourth part judges the benifits and disadvantages of the current Procuratorial Power analyzing the unreasonable causes because of the interfere of legal.adimnistration.
The fifth part (Conclusion)illustrates the analyze of the contemprary form of the Procuratorial Power.The author objectirely evaluate the total tendeney of the development, reform and completion.The author brings up the points and suggestions.That is:
Make clear the difference between the legal supervision power and the Procuratorial power.
Change the mode of the appointment of the prosecutors,the way of management and pratice administration centralization dual system.
Remove the irrelavant power practiced by the contemprary prosecution.
Enhance the power of interfering the litigant and national low of civil case and balance the judicial organ and gurantee.
Abolish the administraltive organization, practice the chief prosecutor to lead the whole prosecutors realize the integration.
英文關(guān)鍵詞：Thinking on the concept and content of Chinese current procuratorial power
目錄：
第一章 檢察權(quán)概述
第二章 檢察權(quán)定位的法理思考
第三章 當(dāng)代中國(guó)檢察權(quán)的職能配置及評(píng)斷
第四章 當(dāng)代中國(guó)檢察權(quán)運(yùn)行模式及評(píng)斷
第五章 檢察權(quán)的應(yīng)然定位及權(quán)能培植、運(yùn)行模式的理性思考
第一章 檢察權(quán)概述
檢察權(quán)是國(guó)家權(quán)力在社會(huì)生活中的體現(xiàn)，是國(guó)家權(quán)力的具體形式之一。檢察權(quán)伴隨著一個(gè)國(guó)家的民主法制化進(jìn)程的推進(jìn)，干預(yù)、制衡國(guó)家其他權(quán)力，特別是制約司法權(quán)的職能也日趨顯著。
由于國(guó)家制度的不同和司法制度的差異，一個(gè)國(guó)家所賦予檢察權(quán)的內(nèi)容不同，法理定位也不同。英、美國(guó)家把檢察權(quán)劃歸到行政權(quán)中，檢察機(jī)關(guān)隸屬行政院或司法部。大陸法系的國(guó)家則把檢察權(quán)作為司法權(quán)的一種，劃歸到司法序列，其職權(quán)的相對(duì)性比較突出。如，法國(guó)檢察官局限在純粹的司法領(lǐng)域，職權(quán)僅僅限于控訴和刑罰的執(zhí)行。美國(guó)把檢察職能配置于聯(lián)邦法律的執(zhí)行機(jī)構(gòu)中，即司法部長(zhǎng)、副部長(zhǎng)分別是總檢察長(zhǎng)和副總檢察長(zhǎng)，管轄檢察系統(tǒng)、警察系統(tǒng)、刑罰機(jī)構(gòu)、聯(lián)邦調(diào)查機(jī)構(gòu)。其職權(quán)是行政權(quán)能。
司法、檢察制度的不同，檢察權(quán)的含義也不同，但是，檢察官作為一種職業(yè)，最基本的職能有三項(xiàng)，即監(jiān)督權(quán)、偵查權(quán)、公訴權(quán)。這三項(xiàng)基本權(quán)能在聯(lián)合國(guó)《關(guān)于檢察官作用的準(zhǔn)則》中也有相應(yīng)表述，如：第十一條規(guī)定檢察官有公訴權(quán)；第十四條規(guī)定有不起訴權(quán)；第十五條規(guī)定檢察官對(duì)貪污腐化案件有偵查權(quán)；第十六條規(guī)定檢察官有監(jiān)督權(quán)；第十七條規(guī)定檢察官有自由裁量權(quán)。
一、檢察權(quán)的歷史淵源
檢察職能與制度的產(chǎn)生猶如其他國(guó)家職能一樣，是國(guó)家統(tǒng)治的需要，但是，檢察制度的產(chǎn)生相對(duì)其他制度發(fā)展產(chǎn)生較晚，其產(chǎn)生孕育發(fā)展過(guò)程是國(guó)家法治、民主與文明建設(shè)、完善的結(jié)果。從人類社會(huì)發(fā)展演進(jìn)過(guò)程看，國(guó)家要維護(hù)正常社會(huì)秩序，必須對(duì)各類犯罪進(jìn)行懲戒，運(yùn)用國(guó)家權(quán)力和法律保護(hù)國(guó)家利益和公共利益。
中國(guó)古代的訴訟也分為官糾和民舉兩類，最早見(jiàn)于《尚書(shū)》記載：“兩造具備，師聽(tīng)五辭。五辭簡(jiǎn)孚，正于五刑”，團(tuán)體訴訟秦朝時(shí)期就有“五從相告”，官吏糾舉在云夢(mèng)書(shū)簡(jiǎn)中有大量的記載。到三國(guó)兩晉南北朝以后，對(duì)重大犯罪都由官吏糾舉。【2】可見(jiàn)侵犯公共利益的犯罪和多數(shù)人利益的犯罪開(kāi)始由官吏代表國(guó)家進(jìn)行訴訟干預(yù)。到三國(guó)兩晉南北朝時(shí)期確立嚴(yán)懲重罪十條以后，嚴(yán)重犯罪也開(kāi)始由國(guó)家干預(yù)訴訟。古羅馬司法審判中，將訴訟按公犯和私犯劃分，公犯案件交由官吏起訴。無(wú)論中外，訴訟的類型發(fā)展演進(jìn)一步一個(gè)腳印地向著民主法制邁進(jìn)。
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